Spread
The propagation of the species is vegetatively through root generative shoots and by seed. With its yard-long roots, from which new shoots, a single plant can colonize large areas. Already root pieces of two centimeters in length and 3.5 millimeters in diameter showed a regeneration rate by 100%. 10 cm long root pieces can make plants when they are 60 cm deep in soil. The spread of agricultural machines, cutting through the roots and the lug is in agricultural regions, the most important propagation mechanism of Art addition, it is also spread through contaminated seed.

The fruits are eaten by animals and so the seeds spread out (Endozoochorie). The main consumers are birds, and then also small mammals. Of grazing animals, the plants will be avoided because of the spines.

Distribution
The original range of the species are the U.S. states on the Gulf of Mexico. In northern Mexico (Sonora, Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon), in 31 U.S. states and southern Canada, it is now regarded as naturalized. The spreading tendency of the species is high. About North America, they were introduced in the following countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Haiti, Brazil, Georgia and Turkey. In Europe it is known from Croatia, France, Germany, Netherlands, England, Norway and Austria.

The natural sites are the deciduous hardwood forests. As an invasive plant, it grows in fields, gardens, meadows, vacant lots and along roadsides. In the U.S., it is classified as one of the 10 most problematic weeds. It grows in fields and plantations of preferably peanut, tea (Camellia sinensis), tomato, potato, maize, soybean, garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), garden strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and various grasses: Cynodon dactylon, ordinary orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), pipe-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), meadow grass (Poa pratensis).

Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina-Nachtschatten

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